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Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a legal and important part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and society〔(Supply of Slaves )〕 until the slavery of Caucasians was banned in the early 19th century, although slaves from other groups were allowed.〔(Ottomans against Italians and Portuguese about (white slavery) ).〕 In Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), the administrative and political center of the Empire, about a fifth of the population consisted of slaves in 1609.〔(Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History ).〕 Even after several measures to ban slavery in the late 19th century, the practice continued largely unfazed into the early 20th century. As late as 1908, female slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire. Sexual slavery was a central part of the Ottoman slave system throughout the history of the institution.〔Madeline C. Zilfi ''Women and slavery in the late Ottoman Empire'' Cambridge University Press, 2010〕
A member of the Ottoman slave class, called a ''kul'' in Turkish, could achieve high status. Harem guards and janissaries are some of the better known positions a slave could hold, but slaves were actually often at the forefront of Ottoman politics. The majority of officials in the Ottoman government were bought slaves, raised free, and integral to the success of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century into the 19th. Many officials themselves owned a large number of slaves, although the Sultan himself owned by far the largest amount.〔 By raising and specially training slaves as officials in palace schools such as Enderun, the Ottomans created administrators with intricate knowledge of government and fanatic loyalty.
== Early Ottoman slavery ==
In the mid-14th century, Murad I built an army of slaves, referred to as the ''Kapıkulu''. The new force was based on the Sultan's right to a fifth of the war booty, which he interpreted to include captives taken in battle. The captive slaves converted to Islam and trained in the sultan's personal service. The devşirme system could be considered a form of slavery because the Sultans had absolute power over them. However, as the 'servant' or 'kul' of the Sultan had high status within Ottoman society, they could become the highest officers of state and the military elite, and all taken children (but not their parents) were well remunerated.
Slaves were traded in special marketplaces called "Esir" or "Yesir" that where located in most towns and cities. It is said that Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" established the first Ottoman slave market in Constantinople in the 1460s, probably where the former Byzantine slave market had stood. According to Nicolas de Nicolay, there were slaves of all ages and both sexes, they were displayed naked to be thoroughly checked by possible buyers.〔(Fischer W. Alan (1978) The sale of slaves in the Ottoman Empire: Markets and state taxes on slave sales, some preliminary considerations. Bogazici Universitesi Dergisi, Beseri Bilimler - Humanities, vol. 6, pp. 150-151. )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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